3,214 research outputs found
Necessary and Probably Sufficient Test for Finding Valid Instrumental Variables
Can instrumental variables be found from data? While instrumental variable
(IV) methods are widely used to identify causal effect, testing their validity
from observed data remains a challenge. This is because validity of an IV
depends on two assumptions, exclusion and as-if-random, that are largely
believed to be untestable from data. In this paper, we show that under certain
conditions, testing for instrumental variables is possible. We build upon prior
work on necessary tests to derive a test that characterizes the odds of being a
valid instrument, thus yielding the name "necessary and probably sufficient".
The test works by defining the class of invalid-IV and valid-IV causal models
as Bayesian generative models and comparing their marginal likelihood based on
observed data. When all variables are discrete, we also provide a method to
efficiently compute these marginal likelihoods.
We evaluate the test on an extensive set of simulations for binary data,
inspired by an open problem for IV testing proposed in past work. We find that
the test is most powerful when an instrument follows monotonicity---effect on
treatment is either non-decreasing or non-increasing---and has moderate-to-weak
strength; incidentally, such instruments are commonly used in observational
studies. Among as-if-random and exclusion, it detects exclusion violations with
higher power. Applying the test to IVs from two seminal studies on instrumental
variables and five recent studies from the American Economic Review shows that
many of the instruments may be flawed, at least when all variables are
discretized. The proposed test opens the possibility of data-driven validation
and search for instrumental variables
On the homotopy theory of - spaces
The aim of this paper is to show that the most elementary homotopy theory of
-spaces is equivalent to a homotopy theory of simplicial sets over
, where is a fixed group. Both homotopy theories are
presented as Relative categories. We establish the equivalence by constructing
a strict homotopy equivalence between the two relative categories. No Model
category structure is assumed on either Relative Category
One and two-dimensional quantum models: quenches and the scaling of irreversible entropy
Using the scaling relation of the ground state quantum fidelity, we propose
the most generic scaling relations of the irreversible work (the residual
energy) of a closed quantum system at absolute zero temperature when one of the
parameters of its Hamiltonian is suddenly changed; we consider two extreme
limits namely, the heat susceptibility limit and the thermodynamic limit. It is
then argued that the irreversible entropy generated for a thermal quench at low
enough temperature when the system is initially in a Gibbs state, is likely to
show a similar scaling behavior. To illustrate this proposition, we consider
zero-temperature and thermal quenches in one and two-dimensional Dirac
Hamiltonians where the exact estimation of the irreversible work and the
irreversible entropy is indeed possible. Exploiting these exact results, we
then establish: (i) the irreversible work at zero temperature indeed shows an
appropriate scaling in the thermodynamic limit; (ii) the scaling of the
irreversible work in the 1D Dirac model at zero-temperature shows logarithmic
corrections to the scaling which is a signature of a marginal situation. (iii)
Furthermore, remarkably the logarithmic corrections do indeed appear in the
scaling of the entropy generated if temperature is low enough while disappears
for high temperatures. For the 2D model, no such logarithmic correction is
found to appear.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Experimental realization of mixed-synchronization in counter-rotating coupled oscillators
Recently, a novel mixed-synchronization phenomenon is observed in
counter-rotating nonlinear coupled oscillators. In mixed-synchronization state:
some variables are synchronized in-phase, while others are out-of-phase. We
have experimentally verified the occurrence of mixed-synchronization states in
coupled counter-rotating chaotic piecewise Rossler oscillator. Analytical
discussion on approximate stability analysis and numerical confirmation on the
experimentally observed behavior is also given
Categorification of Dijkgraaf-Witten Theory
The goal of the paper is to categorify Dijkgraaf-Witten theory, aiming at
providing foundation for a direct construction of Dijkgraaf-Witten theory as an
Extended Topological Quantum Field Theory. The main tool is cohomology with
coefficients in a Picard groupoid, namely the Picard groupoid of hermitian
lines.Comment: 28 pages; submitted version containing minor modification
New Silicon Carbide (SiC) Hetero-Junction Darlington Transistor
Basic SiC bipolar transistors have been studied in the past for their
applications where high power or high temperature operation is required.
However since the current gain in SiC bipolar transistors is very low and
therefore, a large base drive is required in high current applications.
Therefore, it is important to enhance the current gain of SiC bipolar
transistors. Using two dimensional mixed mode device and circuit simulation,
for the first time, we report a new Darlington transistor formed using two
polytypes 3C-SiC and 4H-SiC having a very high current gain as a result of the
heterojunction formation between the emitter and the base of transistor. The
reasons for the improved performance are analyzed.Comment: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~mamidala
Tuning the presence of dynamical phase transitions in a generalized spin chain
We study an integrable spin chain with three spin interactions and the
staggered field () while the latter is quenched either slowly (in a
linear fashion in time () as where goes from a large negative
value to a large positive value and is the inverse rate of quenching) or
suddenly. In the process, the system crosses quantum critical points and
gapless phases. We address the question whether there exist non-analyticities
(known as dynamical phase transitions (DPTs)) in the subsequent real time
evolution of the state (reached following the quench) governed by the final
time-independent Hamiltonian. In the case of sufficiently slow quenching (when
exceeds a critical value ), we show that DPTs, of the form
similar to those occurring for quenching across an isolated critical point, can
occur even when the system is slowly driven across more than one critical point
and gapless phases. More interestingly, in the anisotropic situation we show
that DPTs can completely disappear for some values of the anisotropy term
() and , thereby establishing the existence of boundaries in the
plane between the DPT and no-DPT regions in both isotropic and
anisotropic cases. Our study therefore leads to a unique situation when DPTs
may not occur even when an integrable model is slowly ramped across a QCP. On
the other hand, considering sudden quenches from an initial value
to a final value , we show that the condition for the presence of
DPTs is governed by relations involving , and
and the spin chain must be swept across for DPTs to occur.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Predictability of Popularity: Gaps between Prediction and Understanding
Can we predict the future popularity of a song, movie or tweet? Recent work
suggests that although it may be hard to predict an item's popularity when it
is first introduced, peeking into its early adopters and properties of their
social network makes the problem easier. We test the robustness of such claims
by using data from social networks spanning music, books, photos, and URLs. We
find a stronger result: not only do predictive models with peeking achieve high
accuracy on all datasets, they also generalize well, so much so that models
trained on any one dataset perform with comparable accuracy on items from other
datasets.
Though practically useful, our models (and those in other work) are
intellectually unsatisfying because common formulations of the problem, which
involve peeking at the first small-k adopters and predicting whether items end
up in the top half of popular items, are both too sensitive to the speed of
early adoption and too easy. Most of the predictive power comes from looking at
how quickly items reach their first few adopters, while for other features of
early adopters and their networks, even the direction of correlation with
popularity is not consistent across domains. Problem formulations that examine
items that reach k adopters in about the same amount of time reduce the
importance of temporal features, but also overall accuracy, highlighting that
we understand little about why items become popular while providing a context
in which we might build that understanding.Comment: 10 pages, ICWSM 201
A Framework for Prefetching Relevant Web Pages using Predictive Prefetching Engine (PPE)
This paper presents a framework for increasing the relevancy of the web pages
retrieved by the search engine. The approach introduces a Predictive
Prefetching Engine (PPE) which makes use of various data mining algorithms on
the log maintained by the search engine. The underlying premise of the approach
is that in the case of cluster accesses, the next pages requested by users of
the Web server are typically based on the current and previous pages requested.
Based on same, rules are drawn which then lead the path for prefetching the
desired pages. To carry out the desired task of prefetching the more relevant
pages, agents have been introduced.Comment: 9 page
Symmetric monoidal categories and -categories
In this paper we construct a symmetric monoidal closed model category of
coherently commutative monoidal categories. The main aim of this paper is to
establish a Quillen equivalence between a model category of coherently
commutative monoidal categories and a natural model category of Permutative (or
strict symmetric monoidal) categories, , which is not a
symmetric monoidal closed model category. The right adjoint of this Quillen
equivalence is the classical Segal's Nerve functor
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